The above results of Cacarulo can be well explained by penetration consideration. Let’s assume the dealer must complete her hand even if the players all bust. The player uses 2.74 cards per round on average; the dealer 2.93 cards. Therefore, the number of cards that are dealt out in each deck are:

a) 1 player, 6 rounds (heads-up): 1x6x2.74 + 6x2.93 = 34.02;

b) 2 players, 5 rounds: 2x5x2.74 + 5x2.93 = 42.05;
c) 3 players, 4 rounds: 3x4x2.74 + 4x2.93 = 44.60;
d) 4 players, 3 rounds: 4x3x2.74 + 3x2.93 = 41.67;
e) 5 players, 2 rounds: 5x2x2.74 + 2x2.93 = 33.26.